Government Surveillance - Free Essay Example

In June 2013, The Guardian, a British newspaper, wrote a series of articles that divulged information about the National Security Agencys (NSA) mass surveillance programs, including PRISM. The articles were based on documents leaked to them by NSA contractor, Edward Snowden, revealing that the NSA was conducting a series of surveillance programs with the help of nine large Internet companies (MacAskill). PRISM, one of the main surveillance programs at the time, gave the NSA direct access to Americans phone and Internet data (Donohue). Snowdens files resurfaced the issue of government surveillance that the U.S. had been battling since the Bush administration. With the broadness of U.S. legislation, it is impossible to ensure that Americans can avoid being monitored; they have begun self-censoring as the chilling effect instills the fear of being punished. As the protection of First Amendment rights becomes ambiguous, it is necessary for the government to increase transparency and accountability. The NSA has repeatedly defied Americans First Amendment rights by placing them under surveillance, resulting in the chill of free speech (Elkin Haber). Considering the NSAs discreetness regarding surveillance programs, Americans have just been informed about their actions through the confessions of several whistleblowers, more specifically Edward Snowden. In 2007, Snowden began his disposition after being stationed in Geneva as a cybersecurity expert for the CIA. From that point up until his disclosures in June 2013, he ha d been collecting over 7,000 NSA documents, containing information about several global surveillance programs (Gellman). Prior to The Guardian published the articles, Snowden took a flight to Hong Kong in order to be with his private lawyer (Gidda); one month later, the documents were revealed. Snowdens provided his explanation for the disclosures in one of the articles, declaring Im willing to sacrifice all of that because I cant in good conscience allow the U.S. government to destroy privacy, Internet freedom and basic liberties for people around the world with this massive surveillance machine theyre secretly building (Singletary). Fortunately, Snowden has been able to seek asylum in Russia, however, there have been several other NSA whistleblowers who were unable to reach the same level of achievement. Several years before Snowdens expos? ©, Thomas Drake, a senior executive at the NSA from 2001-2008, exposed the injustice he saw within the NSA and attempted to take legal action (Mayer). According to Drake, the NSA had been developing two Internet surveillance programs called, Thin Thread and Trai lblazer. Both were considered overbudget, yet Drake sided with Thin Thread as its cost was much lower than that of Trailblazer and did not involve the infraction of Americans right to privacy (Mayer). Unfortunately, the majority, including Michael Hayden, chose to pursue Trailblazer; this marked the beginning of Drakes skepticism surrounding the NSA. He proceeded to take action on the issue by reporting it to the Department of Defense and the NSA Inspector General, yet, no serious actions were taken. In 2007, Drake was one of several NSA employees raided by the FBI under the suspicion that he was withholding information from the NSA and disclosing it to various news outlets (Mayer). Drakes career with the NSA continued to decline as he was charged with obstructing justice and lying to law enforcement officials, along with endangering Americans lives. In 2011, all charges against Drake were dropped. After viewing the NSAs abuse of power and disregard for Americans free speech rights, it becomes more apparent that transparency and accountability need be implemented in the U.S. government. Although NSA surveillance mainly concerns the Fourth Amendment, the most overlooked issue in regard to mass surveillance is the protection of free speech under the First Amendment (Reitman). It may seem as though the protection of Fourth Amendment rights would essentially protect First Amendment right, however, there are inconspicuous effects that are often neglected. For instance, the chilling effect is the most significant consequence of the unconstitutional interpretations of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FISA). Dr. Sunny Skye Hughes, a virtual communications professor at the University of Florida and Santa Fe College, states that the chilling effect occurs when government action deters conduct or speech that might have genuine social utility to promote the rational exploration of political ideas, (Hughes). She explains that the government does not always physically restrict speech, but certain actions may implement fear in individuals, deterring communication. Moreov er, it can be developed through a four-part process. The chilling effect is first initiated by a government action that appears to threaten an individuals First Amendment rights. Secondly, government action chills a social activity involving expression or communication. After, the government creates a punishment that can potentially affect the individual if they participate in social activity. The final step of the process causes the individual to limit their communication and/or damage their reputation. The chilling effect induced by NSA surveillance is first seen and noted in the Supreme Court case, Gibson v. Florida Legislative Investigation Committee. After the Supreme Court ruled that segregated schools were unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was criticized by state legislators for urging the termination of segregation laws (Oyez). Subsequently, the Florida Legislative Investigation Committee w as created in 1959, and within the same year, they summoned Theodore R. Gibson, the president of the Miami branch of the NAACP, and asked him to generate a list detailing the members of the organization; Gibson refused to reveal any information about the members (Justia Law) and was consequently found in contempt. The case was taken to the Supreme Court, but it was quickly reversed for the reason that the committee was overstepping boundaries and violating Gibsons First and Fourteenth amendment rights. Furthermore, Justice Goldberg coined the term chilling effect, stating, Where the challenged privacy is that of persons espousing beliefs already unpopular with their neighbors and the deterrent and chilling effect on the free exercise of constitutionally rights of free speech, expression, and association is consequently the more immediate and substantial (Bosmajian). Fortunately for the NAACP, the Supreme Court was able to identify the chilling effect, however, this gradually became more difficult in future cases. On January 17, 2006, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) filed a lawsuit against the NSA, stating that their rights to free speech and association under the First Amendment were being compromised by the TSP. The plaintiffs, who were attorneys, journalists, scholars, and national nonprofit organizations claimed that they were unable to interview sources and witnesses due to the warrantless Internet and phone surveillance practiced under the TSP. Their argument was bas ed on the 1971 Laird v. Tatum case in which the petitioners claimed that they were victims of the chilling effect brought upon by the U.S. Armys surveillance program. By August 17, Judge Anna Diggs Taylor ruled that the TSP violated First and Fourth Amendment rights and declared it unconstitutional (Hughes). Despite succeeding during this stage of their battle, the ACLU returned to the Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals to restate their claim. Unfortunately, the case was soon dismissed as the ACLU could not prove that they had been victims of wiretapping by the NSA (ACLU.org). Several years later, in 2013, a similar case arose to challenge the chilling effect of domestic surveillance. In the court case, Clapper v. Amnesty International USA, the plaintiffs included journalists, attorneys, and human rights organizations, who were communicating with alleged terrorism suspects. The plaintiffs filed a lawsuit in response to the FISA, arguing that the act violated the First and Fourth Amendme nt. They feared that the U.S. government would monitor their discussions with the alleged terrorism suspects, ultimately injuring their professional and economic status (Hughes). Since the plaintiffs were able to explicitly show that the chilling effects were caused by FISA, the federal appeals court ruled in favor of Clapper. In order to address the issues of NSA surveillance on Americans privacy rights, some have made the argument that the U.S. government needs to limit the scope of their surveillance programs. For instance, in June 2013, Senator Rand Paul of Kentucky attempted to create a solution through the Fourth Amendment Restoration Act. This bill outlined what the NSA had power over, which would restrict them to only surveillance with a warrant and probable cause as stated in the Fourth Amendment (Paul). Previously, the NSA was allowed to surveillance foreigners, as well as Americans in contact with those individuals, under the Terrorist Surveillance Program (Elkin Haber). The bill also chronicled the NSAs discreet collection of Americans telephone records and communication data. Furthermore, the bill indicated, The collection of citizens phone records is a violation of the natural rights of every man and woman in the United States, and a clear violation of the explicit language of the highest la w of the land, (Paul). Although the bill summarized the NSAs violation of Americans rights through broad legislation, it was discarded for the reason that Senator Pauls bill would repeal the Patriot Act and FISA (Richardson). Senator Rand Pauls bill was a step forward in establishing a solution to the issue, but it did not address U.S. citizens privacy rights; this is an essential aspect in protecting Americans against the chilling effect. Initially, Senator Pauls bill intended to protect these rights, yet he altered the bills objective to restore the Fourth Amendment, disregarding the risk of Americans rights (Siddiqui). Moreover, Senator Pauls decision to repeal the Patriot Act and FISA is not something Congress is prepared to give up. Other members of the Senate have also made an attempt to protect Americans First Amendment rights from government surveillance. Similarly to Senator Paul, Senator Patrick Leahy introduced the FISA Accountability and Privacy Protection Act to Congres s after witnessing Snowdens disclosures. The bill describes a number of actions the government must take in order to be held accountable for their how they control surveillance programs. These measures include: reporting the adequacy of said surveillance programs, assessing the effectiveness of these procedures, reporting the number of National Security Letters (NSL), and reporting to the Judiciary Committee annually about the programs impact on privacy (Richardson). In addition, this bill sets back FISA and reverts a number of NSLs back to the standards before the Patriot Act by June 2015 (Leahy). Senator Paul sets a solid foundation for a potential solution to the issue intruding government surveillance; unfortunately, the bill was also discarded when Congress voted on renewing FISA. Though the dismissal of these bills seemed to put an end to any possibilities of protecting Americans privacy, President Barack Obama would eventually develop his own solution. On June 3, 2015, President Obama signed the USA Freedom Act, which was created to reach three valuble goals: to protect civil liberties, improve transparency, and strengthen national security. Under the civil li berties category, the law ensures the end of bulk data collection as stated in section 215 of the Patriot Act and FISA (Congressional Digest). As for improving transparency, the FISA Court will consist of an expert panel that will be able to ensure that the surveillance programs will not infringe upon Americans First Amendment rights. In order to enhance national security, a new call record programs will be established and monitored by the FISA Court (Congressional Digest). Overall, the Freedom Act appears to be a foolproof method of narrowing government surveillance and protecting privacy rights, however, the act has criticized for being inadequate in its approach. The primary issue with the Freedom Act is that it does not truly ensure government transparency. According to the Freedom Act, the FISA Court will serve as a panel that guarantees government transparency (Congressional Digest). In contrast, the FISA Courts rules indicate that hearings must be ex parte and conducted withi n the Courts secure facility, which is accessible only by individuals with the appropriate security clearance (Berman). With these rules in place, the purpose of the Freedom Act becomes futile. Furthermore, the lack of accountability increases the inefficiency of the FISA Court by allowing them to disregard transparency completely. To protect First Amendment rights from mass surveillance, it is important for the U.S. government to emphasize transparency as well as accountability; the two must go hand in hand. In the article, Information Accountability, Daniel J. Weitzner defines accountability as the use of information should be transparent so it is possible to determine whether a particular use is appropriate under a given set of rules and that the system enables individuals and institutions to be held accountable for misuse. The issue with transparency found in the Freedom Act is a prime example of what can occur if legislators only advocate for transparency without accountability. While the U.S. government needs to be more transparent about what NSA surveillance entails, it is just as critical for the NSA to be held accountable for their actions. Though the intent of tra nsparency and accountability is to protect Americans rights, various government officials believe that the outcome of this solution will risk national security arguing that transparency can threaten an individuals security by making their information public (Lessig). In an interview, General Hayden states, Suspicionless surveillance doesnt make sense. Im not a law enforcement officer. I dont suspect anybody; Im collecting information to keep the country safe. NSA doesnt just listen to bad peopleyour privacy is simply not the concern of the NSA director, (Cayford Pieters). General Haydens remark on individual privacy highlights the general consensus of proponents of NSA surveillance; many believe that in the time of a national emergency, individual privacy must be surrendered for national security (Goud). For instance, the Pew Research Center conducted a study surrounding Americans views on the effectiveness of anti-terrorism policies; the results indicated that More (49%) say [that anti-terrorism policies have not gone far enough to adequately protect them and] this is their bigger concern than say they are concerned that policies have gone too far in restricting the average persons civil liberties (37%) (Gao). Other opponents of government accountability believe that this solution will prove to be ineffective; their main concern is that if the process to achieve accountability is weak or improper, then it can result in an unclear unders tanding of who is responsible, or the loss of accountability altogether (Lessig). Although no solution is perfect, it is evident that without transparency and accountability, Americans rights are more at risk. The primary concern with Moreover, the NSA needs to significantly narrow the range of mass surveillance and data collection; rather than monitoring all individuals outside the U.S., there should be a guideline of what deems a person suspicious and a risk to national security. Most importantly, policymakers need to define the extent to which national security and individual privacy limit each other. With those modifications in mind, it is likely that the chilling effect can be eliminated completely.

The Benefits of Using a Formalist Essay Sample

<h1>The Benefits of Using a Formalist Essay Sample</h1><p>It is a smart thought to utilize a formalist exposition test for article composing. Not exclusively would this be able to assist you with accomplishing a general standard of phenomenal paper composing, however it will likewise assist you with building up a superior composing style for your very own undertakings. Indeed, numerous understudies who have utilized formalist expositions have composed all the more successfully after their utilization. Why?</p><p></p><p>A formalist paper test is commonly the sort of article that has a uniform, steady structure. The sentences are clear and the substance rich and significant. Also, it is so on the grounds that the authors included heaps of supporting data that has been all around organized. The peruser gets a feeling of association that permits them to get a strong handle of the exposition, which may make them center around specific perspectives in the essay.</p><p></p><p>Many understudies imagine that utilizing a formalist paper test is just going to be simply one more approach to utilize cop-outs. Be that as it may, this is simply false. Now and then when journalists compose inadequately, they will fall back on unclear or speculations in their paper. This, as well, can be adjusted with an efficient paper test. All things considered, there is nothing amiss with alluding to the set up structure.</p><p></p><p>Many understudies who take a shot at scholastic article, for instance, may find that they in some cases don't know precisely what to do when they go over a specific term or idea. Once in a while, they are unsure how to continue with it, and they may begin examining it all alone. This prompts a progressively divided and disordered essay.</p><p></p><p>A formalist exposition test permits you to utilize one term or idea all through the entire article. You can allude to it in various manners. This is a decent technique for you to abstain from floating off into disconnected digressions. Additionally, with the presentation of a structure, there will be less issues with bringing together the different thoughts and ideas in the essay.</p><p></p><p>One beneficial thing about utilizing a formalist exposition test is that you can truly improve your composing abilities. Since your consideration is centered around a solitary idea at once, you can give more opportunity to rehearsing and refining your abilities. Furthermore, above all, since you are expounding on a specific theme, it will likewise be simpler for you to recognize your holes and problems.</p><p></p><p>A very much arranged exposition will likewise permit you to talk about your subjects in an increasingly precise and intelligent manner. You will have the option to portray things obviously, without attempting to recollect what you o ught to remember for your paper. This can likewise assist you with avoiding composing haphazardly.</p><p></p><p>You will likewise have the option to decide the best possible approach to address your perusers. For instance, it may be ideal to put the accentuation on one specific point that your perusers should know about. In the event that you utilize a formalist article test, you will have the option to get this right, guaranteeing your crowd is given the consideration they need.</p>

Sample Of National Honor Society Essay

<h1>Sample Of National Honor Society Essay</h1><p>The current pattern in school training is to utilize tests of national respect society exposition. On the off chance that you haven't done as such, you should investigate these examples. They are completely brilliant instances of composing and you may end up composing like one of them.</p><p></p><p>This is the thing that the vast majority think when they first observe the standard examples of the expositions. There is no compelling reason to go over the subtleties since it has been done and you have been given the easy method to do it. In any case, there is something in particular about these examples that you may be passing up on the off chance that you don't take action accordingly. At the point when you get into the act of composing for various sorts of papers, this is the place it would all be able to come together.</p><p></p><p>In this article, I need to show you t he significant focuses about examples of national respect society exposition. While they were initially made to show understudies how to compose, they are additionally an extraordinary asset for telling you the best way to utilize tests. They show you precisely what to expound, on the most proficient method to utilize structure, how to utilize subheadings, and even what sentence structures to use.</p><p></p><p>When you read tests of national respect society exposition, you will have the option to see precisely what the arrangement of the paper will be. You won't be left to figure about the arrangement of occasions or what occurs after the end. It is likewise an incredible learning apparatus since it shows you the rudiments of paper structure and how to make your own essay.</p><p></p><p>As an author, the absolute first thing you will learn is the manner by which to utilize tests of national respect society article. You should take the e xample in exactly the same words and go for it. You can change things to a great extent so it is consistently new.</p><p></p><p>When you begin to utilize tests of national respect society exposition, you will understand the universe of data accessible to you. There are regularly numerous things to talk about and you can make a paper that is altogether different than different assignments. It will be an extremely close to home article with a significant end. You can add your considerations to the completion and have the option to demonstrate a point.</p><p></p><p>In reality, you can utilize tests of national respect society article in a wide range of ways. You can join them with proposals dependent on different sorts of subjects. The equivalent is genuine when you utilize different thoughts you have from different instances of exposition. You can mess with the examples of structure and different parts of composing before you start compo sing your own essay.</p><p></p><p>No matter what you are expounding on, you can utilize tests of national respect society paper to assist you with your venture. The data in the article tests is generally so important and you will never come up short on subjects to utilize them with. Best of all, you can begin utilizing them right away.</p>

Essay Topics - Criminal Justice

Exposition Topics - Criminal JusticeHave you at any point found out about article themes that are explicit to the investigation of criminal equity? There are a few unique themes that can be picked for your school expositions. You can get data about these points in the accompanying article.The National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers is an incredible spot to get data about the subject of criminal equity. They have sites that are instructive and down to earth. This will be the primary spot that you ought to go to get data on what you ought to remember for your essay.There are numerous other Internet assets that can give you data on exposition points identified with criminal equity. You can get some extraordinary data by visiting various sites on the subject. A portion of the sites that you can visit include: The Western Model for Criminal Justice, International Organization for Standardization (ISO), International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP), The State Bar of Califor nia and the US Department of Justice. There are different sites also that you can visit that are given to specific kinds of crimes.Most of the time, criminal equity is considered as a territory of study that covers various components of criminal law. Be that as it may, you can likewise concentrate on the legitimate parts of criminal equity, for example, the criminal equity framework. You can discover data on how the legitimate framework works in different countries.There are additionally a wide range of kinds of criminal offenses in the United States. A portion of the sorts of criminal offenses include: murder, assault, murder or homicide, kid sex entertainment, theft, unlawful sexual direct, and pyro-crime. The kind of offense will rely upon the conditions encompassing the episode and the punishments related with the crime.The data you have to give in your article points to your school expositions will change contingent upon your very own experience and experience. A great many peo ple won't compose articles dependent on measurements. Rather, they will compose on an individual level.The data that you will be giving in your exposition themes depends on your very own encounters with individuals and the criminal equity framework. This will help you completely comprehend the subject of your exposition.

Proven Secrets About the Top Topics in History and Government For Regent June 2020

Proven Secrets About the Top Topics in History and Government For Regent June 2020There are many top topics in the first semester of the California Regents University AP US History and Government class, and the AP US History and Government Regent JUNE 2020 topics for the Spring Quarter seem to have captured the imagination of the class. In fact, each of the students seems to be very excited about what they will be doing in the spring quarter. There are five top topic choices for this year's topics. The topics are:History and government are an interesting subject with several important elements to consider. Among the elements that are important for the history and government are people, events, decisions, and records. A specific period or event that is significant to the subject will serve as a topic. The whole course will focus on an idea. After all, if there is a specific topic, that would make sense.What are the outcomes of these choices for topics? There are several different outc omes. Some topics will center on certain areas of the United States' history and government, while others will focus on global conflicts and politics. It will all depend on how the topic is set up.If the topics all are centered on government and are done in 'new media' methods of teaching like 'leadership seminars,' that would be better known as board level education. Board level education would require much more discussion and interaction between the teacher and the students. It would be more conducive to the learning styles of the different students in the class.The topics for board level education are not limited to topics for the United States. Topics could include topics from other countries as well. While the content might not be the same, it will be of the same level. Students might be able to interact with the teacher on topics outside of their classes too. This would be a great way to get students to think of their own topics that they would like to discuss as the class pro gresses.College level education will probably be more open to student interaction. The school is in Southern California, so there are more opportunities for students to interact with the teachers in an online environment. They might get to speak to each other during class and also interact with one another through forums. These forums might also give students the opportunity to ask questions of other students. This is a way to get the students to talk about topics outside of class, and not just through the written word.Information is one of the most important elements of education. The topics of history and government will involve many areas of information. When students want to discuss what happened during any particular period in time, they will need to know a lot of information. This is why topics might cover a few different eras.Knowledge is key to history and government. Students should be able to gain a broad understanding of a historical period and have some idea of what the topic is about. This allows the students to understand the concept behind the topic. Understanding is the basis of all good knowledge.

Essay Topics That Will Make You Stand Out

<h1>Essay Topics That Will Make You Stand Out</h1><p>Essay points are anything but difficult to think of on the off chance that you realize what sort of subjects that will work. Know that an exposition or an examination paper ought to be fascinating and clear. At the point when you do your examination and discover what are the subjects that will suit you the best, ensure that the article or the exploration paper that you compose has a purpose.</p><p></p><p>You should pick the theme since it will be enlightening. Research shows that information about something doesn't generally mean anything in the event that you have not discovered what you need to realize. The explanation is that what you know may assist you with making sense of what you need to know however it doesn't mention to you what you really need to know. There is the matter of time too. With time, your insight about a specific subject will change.</p><p></p><p&g t;People who choose to compose papers or research papers for school must be persistent with regards to picking article points. This will be a drawn out errand, so you should begin from the get-go in school and work on your theme in any event two years before you take your last, most important tests. When you pick your subject, the time has come to do inquire about it. You can do this by setting off to your nearby library or by doing an online quest for the subject.</p><p></p><p>To concoct a point, attempt to think about the subject that you are generally inspired by. You don't need to adhere to a specific point but instead pick a theme that you are generally intrigued by. At that point, center around what makes that theme fascinating so you will think of an article that will make individuals need to peruse it.</p><p></p><p>A subject that is mainstream is one that has various things that individuals can get into. There are a ton of thin gs that could be viewed as a pattern, for example, governmental issues, religion, business, expressions of the human experience, innovation, diversion, etc. Essaysabout these things can be an exemption, since they offer more as far as assessment and intriguing subjects.</p><p></p><p>There are a few things that you should maintain a strategic distance from when you pick exposition themes. In spite of the fact that you should think of an intriguing subject, you would prefer not to pick a crazy theme. This is on the grounds that a great many people will feel that you are not genuine about the subject and don't have a clue what you are discussing. There are a few things that are past the domain of possibility.</p><p></p><p>When you are searching for article themes, pick subjects that are anything but difficult to follow. Remember that there are no firm guidelines as far as paper points. There are a few people who accept that paper points o ught to be identified with their field of study while there are other people who incline toward exposition themes that are not identified with their fields of study. The rules, be that as it may, stay to be what the peruser wants.</p><p></p><p>Essay themes should make the peruser need to find out about the subject. On the off chance that you pick the subject since it is the best, ensure that it isn't the main thing the peruser needs to know. Pick subjects that will be all that could possibly be needed for the peruser to peruse however you ought not make them read so as to get to the opposite side of the article. More often than not, understudies wind up perusing the finish of the article and find that they despite everything know nothing about the theme. Try not to give them what they want.</p>

Second World War Essay - 2954 Words

Second World War My generation has already witnessed a day of infamy, less than two short years ago (or so CNN tells us). My grandfather would remember a different day, a morning marked by another surprise attack on America. That ambush, said Japanese General Yamamoto, awakened a â€Å"sleeping giant.† Analysis of American foreign policy begs the question: what if the giant had spurned its peaceful slumber? Instead, the behemoth could have chosen to lumber about. Odds are that the footsteps would not have fallen lightly, the reverberations spreading across the globe- all this, only had Wilsonians been at the helm of American foreign policy. The Jacksonian tradition steered the United States to victory in the Second World War. Once lulled†¦show more content†¦Jacksonians value self-reliance, equality, individualism, financial freedom, and courage. They cling doggedly to these pillars of their creed, but reject their universalist application beyond American borders. Jacksonians care about their neighbors, their countrymen. Their distaste for international affairs is apparent: â€Å"the absolute and even brutal distinction drawn between the members of the community and outsiders has had massive implications in American life† (14). This patriotic sentiment, deeply imbedded in the American middle class, demands of its government officials a domestic focus instead of worldwide â€Å"support of moral values† (15), as Wilsonians advocate. The Jacksonian defense policy, the fundamental cornerstone of the doctrine, has played a fundamental role in making the United States a superpower. Today, witty Swarthmore students poke fun at George Bush: George, the gun-slinging cowboy holding the smoking barrel. What they fail to understand, however, is that the object of their mockery- albeit distorted with their sarcasm- has earned their country a pre-eminent position in world politics. 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